美国制造业回流 美国制造业“回流”难成趋势,目前美国制造业陆续回国,但中国作为世界代工厂的地位在短时间内不会改变,说明原因。,英语高手来。,英语高手进,英语翻译成汉语,汉语翻译成英语...
美国制造业回流 美国制造业“回流”难成趋势
近日,媒体报道,大批美企正在从中国包括珠三角在内的地区悄然撤退。这意味着越来越多的“中国制造”正在摇身变为“美国制造”,其中包括食品巨头佳顿、工程机械大佬卡特彼勒,耳机生产商Sleek Audio、玩具生产商Wham-O、汽车大厂福特公司等。
美企为何要返回本地生产呢?《纽约时报》认为,它们这样做有的是因为美国劳动力成本有所下降,有的则是因为对进口自中国的产品质量不满意。从宏观的视野来看,此举却是对全球化进程的“逆动”。
近几十年来,全球化突飞猛进。以跨国企业为代表的微观经济主体在全球范围内优化生产要素的配置,造就了当前复杂的全球产业链。资本的全球配置与商品的全球流动,使得国家之间的分工越来越明显。中国就是其中的典型代表。
改革开放前的中国,缺乏资金、技术、管理优势,但大量富余的农村人口以及快速的城市化步伐,使得中国有着丰富的劳动力资源禀赋。劳动力丰富,则劳工价格便宜,加入WTO以后,凭借这一主要优势,中国迅速在全球产业链的分工中占据了“世界工厂”的位置。
但近年来,珠三角等地连连传出民工荒、工资涨幅过快等新闻,学术界也频频预警“刘易斯拐点”即将到来,似乎暗示着人多价廉的时代行将结束。
这种判断很值得推敲。从最低工资来看,2009年7月,美国将联邦最低工资涨至每小时7.25美元,按月计算合1260美元/月;而北京2012年的最低月工资标准仅为1260元人民币,深圳高一些,也才1500元,是美国全国水平的1/6。从平均工资来看,美国劳工统计局2009年的统计数据显示,全美在职工作人员年平均工资是43460美元,同年深圳的在岗职工年平均工资为46723元人民币,也为美国的1/6。考虑社会平均工资的统计口径差异,企业在岗职工的实际平均工资远远低于这一数字。
也就是说,即使嫌中国的劳动力太贵,美企产业转移的方向应该是东南亚、洪都拉斯等国家和地区。过去几年,外企“东南飞”的风一直在吹,也有部分纺织工厂向越南、孟加拉等地转移,但规模不大,不成气候。
中国之所以可以成为“世界工厂”,除了劳动力的成本优势外,还有很多深层次的因素。
高校扩招以来,中国人口素质得到了普遍提高,物美价廉的劳动力在很长一段时间内都是可以预见的事件。中国产业配套能力很完善,在IT、重工业、物流和生产等一系列相关的产业链是其他劳动力丰富的国家也无法比拟的。土地所有制、政治治理结构等背景,更使得中国可以“因地制宜”地为外企“量身定做”发展环境,这是外企在全球范围内罕见的待遇。因此,如果单纯从经济效率上考虑,中国在很长一段时间内,都将是全球生产基地的首选。
既然不是经济上的考虑,那美国的制造业回流就可能是因为政治因素。中国出口大幅增长的结果是“中国生产、美国消费”,即美国部分言论所指责的,中国向美国出口了失业、抢夺了美国劳动力的工作,尤其表现在制造业。在美国新一届总统大选之际,碍于美国国内的舆论,美企小幅度地迎合一下公众和政治家的期望,无可厚非。笔者认为,这才是美企撤离珠三角地区、返回本土的真实原因。
一时的政治作秀无关紧要,但这是美国想要的吗?
全球化的结果确实让中国出口了更多的产品,美国也享受了低廉的商品,保持着十数年的低通胀和高增长的经济周期,虽然它的制造业就业情况受到冲击,但知识产权、资本利得等方面是得利的。没了中国生产,对美国大部分人来说,随之而来的就是通胀高企、价格更高的商品,美国人民直面的问题就是实际购买力的缩水。十几年以来,美国人享受惯了物美价廉的“中国制造”,他们会为部分制造业的就业低迷而放弃这种好处吗?
回过头来,我们再来看全球化下的中美两国到底发生了什么?以往,我们单纯地从“商品+货币”层面解释、化解中美的经贸摩擦,人民币汇率、扩大中国内需等议题都是从这方面入手,但似乎“无解”。事实上,我们忽略了一个更为根本的因素:劳动力。中国快速城市化为全球带来的表面上看似丰富低廉的商品,本质上却是劳动力的输出,大批量农业人口持续地转化成城市就业人口,这一新增数量甚至大到可以和美国全国人口规模相当。
因此,美国制造业的出路无非两条。第一,美国制造业去全球化或者退出全球化,美国的就业率自然可以免受中国进城农民的冲击。但全球化是美国能有当今国际地位主要背景因素,美国是全球化的受益者,没有中国的生产,美国超市琳琅满目的物美价廉的商品从何而来,美国的跨国公司动辄上千亿美元的营业额如何达到?
既然不能退回自给自足的经济环境,美国的劳动力就必须正视中国进城农民的冲击。此时,美国要考虑的不是把中国的商品赶出国门、自产自销,而是促进美国的劳动力转型,与中国的进城农民进行差异化竞争。
博主简介:上海金融与法律研究院研究员
目前美国制造业陆续回国,但中国作为世界代工厂的地位在短时间内不会改变,说明原因。
1中国仍有人口红利,中国的人力资源仍然十分丰富,廉价的劳动力使得中国能够保持制世界工厂的地位,中国的人口红利仍在持续【摘要】 目前美国制造业陆续回国,但中国作为世界代工厂的地位在短时间内不会改变,说明原因。【提问】 OK【提问】 1中国仍有人口红利,中国的人力资源仍然十分丰富,廉价的劳动力使得中国能够保持制世界工厂的地位,中国的人口红利仍在持续【回答】 这是一部分答案您别着急【回答】 好的【提问】 1中国仍有人口红利,中国的人力资源仍然十分丰富,廉价的劳动力使得中国能够保持制世界工厂的地位,中国的人口红利仍在持续,而美国的人口劳动力附加值较高使得成本增加2中国的资源丰富,资源丰富使得成本减少,廉价的资源可以生产成本较低的产品,美国的资源较中国比较相对较少,所以在资源方面也是相对昂贵3运输成本考虑,因为中国位于人口最密集的地区,市场广阔,可以更快的进入市场,而美国离市场较远,需要投入大量资金来运输产品,这就使得成本增加4制造业附加值不高,科技含量不高,只适合发展中国家来发展【回答】 【提问】 麻烦了【提问】 没啥问题【回答】 好的【提问】 1水灾频率较高且集中蝗灾清初较多,政权稳定后逐年减少旱灾在水灾过后易出现,频率较低2蝗灾与旱灾关键性较强蝗灾过后便是旱灾在干旱年份,由于水位下降,土壤变得比较坚实,含水量降低,且地面植被稀疏,蝗虫产卵数大为增加,在干旱年份,河、湖水面缩小,低洼地裸露,也为蝗虫提供了更多适合产卵的场所。另一方面,干旱环境生长的植物含水量较低,蝗虫以此为食,生长的较快,而且生殖力较高。【回答】 蝗虫这种生物非常的喜欢温暖和干燥,这种干旱的环境利于他们生长。【回答】
英语高手来。
本高手驾到:
My father was a self-taught mandolin player. He was one of the best string instrument players in our town. He could not read music, but if he heard a tune a few times, he could play it. When he was younger, he was a member of a small country music band. They would play at local dances and on a few occasions would play for the local radio station. He often told us how he had auditioned and earned a position in a band that featured Patsy Cline as their lead singer. He told the family that after he was hired he never went back. Dad was a very religious man. He stated that there was a lot of drinking and cursing the day of his audition and he did not want to be around that type of environment.
Occasionally, Dad would get out his mandolin and play for the family. We three children: Trisha, Monte and I, George Jr., would often sing along. Songs such as the Tennessee Waltz, Harbor Lights and around Christmas time, the well-known rendition of Silver Bells. "Silver Bells, Silver Bells, its Christmas time in the city" would ring throughout the house. One of Dad's favorite hymns was "The Old Rugged Cross". We learned the words to the hymn when we were very young, and would sing it with Dad when he would play and sing. Another song that was often shared in our house was a song that accompanied the Walt Disney series: Davey Crockett. Dad only had to hear the song twice before he learned it well enough to play it. "Davey, Davey Crockett, King of the Wild Frontier" was a favorite song for the family. He knew we enjoyed the song and the program and would often get out the mandolin after the program was over. I could never get over how he could play the songs so well after only hearing them a few times. I loved to sing, but I never learned how to play the mandolin. This is something I regret to this day.
Dad loved to play the mandolin for his family he knew we enjoyed singing, and hearing him play. He was like that. If he could give pleasure to others, he would, especially his family. He was always there, sacrificing his time and efforts to see that his family had enough in their life. I had to mature into a man and have children of my own before I realized how much he had sacrificed.
I joined the United States Air Force in January of 1962. Whenever I would come home on leave, I would ask Dad to play the mandolin. Nobody played the mandolin like my father. He could touch your soul with the tones that came out of that old mandolin. He seemed to shine when he was playing. You could see his pride in his ability to play so well for his family.
When Dad was younger, he worked for his father on the farm. His father was a farmer and sharecropped a farm for the man who owned the property. In 1950, our family moved from the farm. Dad had gained employment at the local limestone quarry. When the quarry closed in August of 1957, he had to seek other employment. He worked for Owens Yacht Company in Dundalk, Maryland and for Todd Steel in Point of Rocks, Maryland. While working at Todd Steel, he was involved in an accident. His job was to roll angle iron onto a conveyor so that the welders farther up the production line would have it to complete their job. On this particular day Dad got the third index finger of his left hand mashed between two pieces of steel. The doctor who operated on the finger could not save it, and Dad ended up having the tip of the finger amputated. He didn't lose enough of the finger where it would stop him picking up anything, but it did impact his ability to play the mandolin.
After the accident, Dad was reluctant to play the mandolin. He felt that he could not play as well as he had before the accident. When I came home on leave and asked him to play he would make excuses for why he couldn't play. Eventually, we would wear him down and he would say "Okay, but remember, I can't hold down on the strings the way I used to" or "Since the accident to this finger I can't play as good". For the family it didn't make any difference that Dad couldn't play as well. We were just glad that he would play. When he played the old mandolin it would carry us back to a cheerful, happier time in our lives. "Davey, Davey Crockett, King of the Wild Frontier", would again be heard in the little town of Bakerton, West Virginia.
In August of 1993 my father was diagnosed with inoperable lung cancer. He chose not to receive chemotherapy treatments so that he could live out the rest of his life in dignity. About a week before his death, we asked Dad if he would play the mandolin for us. He made excuses but said "okay". He knew it would probably be the last time he would play for us. He tuned up the old mandolin and played a few notes. When I looked around, there was not a dry eye in the family. We saw before us a quiet humble man with an inner strength that comes from knowing God, and living with him in one's life. Dad would never play the mandolin for us again. We felt at the time that he wouldn't have enough strength to play, and that makes the memory of that day even stronger. Dad was doing something he had done all his life, giving. As sick as he was, he was still pleasing others. Dad sure could play that Mandolin!
我父亲是个自学成才的曼陀林琴手,他是我们镇最优秀的弦乐演奏者之一。他看不懂乐谱,但是如果听几次曲子,他就能演奏出来。当他年轻一点的时候,他是一个小乡村乐队的成员。他们在当地舞厅演奏,有几次还为当地广播电台演奏。他经常告诉我们,自己如何试演,如何在佩茜?克莱恩作为主唱的乐队里占一席之位。他告诉家人,一旦被聘用就永不回头。父亲是一个很严谨的人,他讲述了他试演的那天,很多人在喝酒,咒骂,他不想呆在那种环境里。
有时候,父亲会拿出曼陀林,为家人弹奏。我们三个小孩:翠莎、蒙蒂和我,还有乔治通常会伴唱。唱的有:《田纳西华尔兹》和《海港之光》,到了圣诞节,就唱脍炙人口的《银铃》:"银铃,银铃,城里来了圣诞节。"歌声充满了整个房子。父亲最爱的其中一首赞歌是《古老的十字架》。我们很小的时候就学会歌词了,而且在父亲弹唱的时候,我们也跟着唱。我们经常一起唱的另外一首歌来自沃特?迪斯尼的系列片:《戴维?克罗克特》。父亲只要听了两遍就弹起来了,"戴维,戴维?克罗克特,荒野边疆的国王。"那是我们家最喜欢的歌曲。他知道我们喜欢那首歌和那个节目,所以每次节目结束后,他就拿出曼陀林弹奏。我永远不能明白他如何能听完几遍后就能把一首曲子弹得那么好。我热爱唱歌,但我没有学会如何弹奏曼陀林,这是我遗憾至今的事情。
父亲喜欢为家人弹奏曼陀林,他知道我们喜欢唱歌,喜欢听他弹奏。他就是那样,如果他能把快乐奉献给别人,他从不吝啬,尤其是对他的家人。他总是那样,牺牲自己的时间和精力让家人生活得满足。父亲的这种付出是只有当我长大成人,而且是有了自己的孩子后才能体会到的。
我在1962年1月加入了美国空军基地。每当我休假回家,我都请求父亲弹奏曼陀林。没有人弹奏曼陀林能达到像我父亲那样的境界,他在那古老的曼陀林上抚出的旋律能够触及你的灵魂。他弹奏的时候,身上似乎能发出四射的光芒。你可以看出,父亲为能给家人弹奏出如此美妙的旋律,他是多么的自豪。
父亲年轻的时候,曾在农场为爷爷工作。爷爷是农场使用者,要向农场所有人交纳谷物抵租。1950年,我们全家搬离农场,父亲在当地石灰石采石场谋得职位。采石场在1957年倒闭,他只好另觅工作。他曾在马里兰州登多克的欧文斯游艇公司上班,还在马里兰州的洛斯的托德钢铁公司上过班。在托德钢铁公司上班期间,他遇到了意外。他的工作是把有棱角的铁滚到搬运台上,这样焊接工才能作进一步加工来完成整个工序。在那个特殊的日子里,父亲的
左手第三个手指被缠在两片钢铁中。医生对手指施手术,但未能保住那只手指,最后父亲只好让医生把那手指的指尖给切除了。那个手指并没有完全丧失拿东西的能力,但是却影响了他弹奏曼陀林的能力。
事故后,父亲不太愿意弹奏曼陀林了,他觉得再也不能像以前弹得那么好了。我休假回家请求他弹奏曼陀林,他以种种借口解释不能弹奏的原因。最后,我们软硬兼施逼他就范,他终于说:"好吧,但是记住,我拨弦再也不能像过去一样了。"或者会说:"这个手指出意外后,我再也不能弹得像过去那样好了。"对于家人来说,父亲弹得好不好并没有分别,我们很高兴他终于弹奏了。当他弹起那把陈旧的曼陀林,就会把我们带回昔日那些无忧无虑的幸福时光。"戴维,戴维?克罗克特,荒野边疆的国王"就会再次响彻西弗吉尼亚州的贝克顿小镇。
1993年8月,父亲诊断得了不宜动手术的肺癌。他不想接受化疗,因为他想体面地过完他生命最后的时光。大约在父亲去世的一周前,我们请求他能否为我们弹奏曼陀林,他说了很多借口,最后还是答应了。他知道这可能是他最后一次为我们弹奏了,他为老曼陀林调弦,弹了几个音。我环顾四周,家人个个都泪水满眶。我们看见在我们面前是一个安静的、谦虚的人,以生命最后的力量,用爱的力量支撑着。父亲再也没有足够的力量弹奏,这使我们对那天的记忆更加强烈。父亲做着他一生都在做的事情:奉献。即使生命已走到了尽头,他却仍尽力为他人创造欢乐。没错,父亲一定还能弹奏曼陀林的。
好了,谢谢采纳
英语高手进
朋友,很高兴为你解答,希望能帮到你哦~
翻译如下:
在现代生活的某些领域里,尽管女性仍然在赶超男性,但是女性至少在一些不太受欢迎的领域里似乎仍遥遥领先。
“ women appear to be way ahead”意思是“女性似乎遥遥领先”,此处的“way”与“way ahead”一起构成词组,意思为“远远在前面”,“ahead”就是修饰“way”的,“category”“种类,范畴”此处可意译为“领域”
答案保证准确率,望采纳,不懂可以追问哦~
帮你分析,解答,翻译~~~
英语翻译成汉语
中文翻译英文是Chinese。 英 [ˌtʃaɪ'niːz] 美 [ˌtʃaɪ'niːz] n. 中国人;汉语 adj. 中国的;中国人的;汉语的 例句:My native language is Chinese. 翻译:我的母语是汉语。 短语:Chinese calendar 农历 Chinese的用法 Chinese起修饰名词的作用,表示名词的属性,并不强调所有关系。它除了放在所修饰的名词之前,作定语用之外,还可以在句中作表语、宾语补足语等。Chinese是除了语言,国籍,其它表示“有着中国的特征/风味/文化/渊源/来历的”的也用。 生活中当你阅读到一些英文的文集时,或者说查询一些英文的文献资料,你英语又不好,往往会很无奈,但是别担心,下面由我为大家整理的关于英语翻译成汉语方法大全的内容,希望大家喜欢! 如何用英文翻译中文的方法总结 一、增补法 有些英语字句如果照字面的意思翻译,意念是不完整的,必须根据意义、修辞或句法的需要增补一些汉语,才能更加忠实于原文,使原文的思想更完整地再现。例如: We need clean air, but unfortunately, air pollution is generally present, especially in cities. 我们需要清新的空气,但遗憾的是,空气污染普遍存在,在城市中尤其如此。 [分析]本句为了避免“尤其是在城市里”的表达不完整,增加了“如此”。 二、词类转译法 由于英语和汉语是两中悬殊甚大的不同的语言体系,所以在语言结构与表达方式上都存在很大的差异,这就要求我们对原文中的一些词语的词性进行转化(如:动词转化为名词,形容词转化为名词等),才能使译文畅通。例如: The modern world is experiencing rapid development of science and technology. 当今世界的科学技术正在迅速地发展。 [分析]将句中的形容词rapid转译为汉语中的副词。 三、省译法 由于英语和汉语在用词和语法结构上的差异,原文中的某些词如果直译出来会使译文显得累赘,不符合汉语的表达习惯。在这种情况下,就要省略一些冠词、代词、介词或连词等省去不译,但是不能影响原文的意义表达。例如: There was no snow, the leaves were gone from the trees, the grass was dead. 天未下雪,但叶落草枯。 [分析]在汉语中“叶落”的概念非常清楚,所以省译了from the trees. 四、顺译法 也就是说按照英语表达的层次顺序,依次翻译英语句子,从而使译文与英语原文的顺序基本一致。例如: He could see that she had been patient all her life, so that now, after years of it, her lips were set in a gentle and saintly smile. 他看得出,她一生含辛茹苦,如今苦尽甘来,嘴边总是带着温柔、圣洁的微笑。 [分析]英语句子的顺序,从意思上讲,与汉语句子的顺序是一致的。
汉语翻译成英语
1.环保屋
1.
Green
2.环保屋标准是节能,节水,无污染和高舒适度
2.
Green
is
the
standard
energy-saving,
water
saving
and
pollution-free
and
high
comfort
3.环保屋将会充分利用太阳能,风能,地热,沼气等各种能源及各种新技术和设计理念
3.
Green
will
make
full
use
of
solar,
wind,
geothermal,
gas
and
other
energy
and
a
variety
of
new
technologies
and
design
4.如遮阳板使用太阳能电池,可以将自然光转换为电能,为地下室或北面的房屋提供照明
4.
Visor,
such
as
the
use
of
solar
cells,
natural
light
can
be
converted
to
electrical
energy,
or
in
the
basement
of
the
northern
lights
Housing
5.使用环保建材,环保家电,对生活垃圾进行分类收集再利用或焚烧处理为环保屋提供采暖或电力,达到无污染的目的
5.
To
use
environmentally-friendly
building
materials,
home
appliances
environmental
protection,
solid
waste
for
recycling
or
separate
collection
for
environmental
protection
to
deal
with
the
burning
house
to
provide
electricity
or
heating
to
the
purpose
of
the
pollution-free
6.全能手机
6.
All-around
phone
7.未来手机与目前的手机相比,最明显的特点就是在数据传输速度方面有了质的飞跃
7.
At
present,
and
future
of
mobile
phone
handsets,
the
most
obvious
characteristics
is
the
speed
of
data
transmission
has
been
a
qualitative
leap
8.我们可以使用GPRS手机来配合PDA进行轻松订票,这种订票方式一目了然
8.
We
can
use
GPRS
mobile
phone
with
PDA
to
easily
booking,
which
means
booking
at
a
glance
9.机器人挑战人类
9.
Robot
challenge
of
human
10.自从计算机诞生的那天起,人类就在不断探索一个问题的答案,那就是机器会不会终有一天自己思考
10.
Since
the
birth
of
the
computer
that
day,
mankind
is
on
a
constantly
explore
the
answer
to
that
question,
that
is,
the
machine
will
one
day
own
thinking
11.美国电影(人工智能)再一次唤起了人们对这个问题的思考
11.
Motion
Picture
(Artificial
Intelligence)
has
once
again
aroused
people's
thinking
on
this
issue
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