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【Traffic Report/Broadcast】
A traffic report is an element of a radio program or TV news broadcast that informs listeners about general traffic conditions. The reports generally list the locations and severity of traffic accidents, construction detours and slowdowns, etc., on the roadways within the broadcast area. In the United States, the broadcast area is generally defined by utilizing statistics from the U.S. Census Bureau and from a ratings company, such as Arbitron.
By supplying updates during traffic rush hours, stations provide a public service to commuters to help them anticipate and avoid traffic congestion. Many reports, typically those reports heard on the radio, offer listeners an alternate travel route.
At radio stations where news programming is the primary content, roadway conditions are tracked by monitoring police radio frequencies. Some radio stations also have agreements with states’ highway patrol that permit a direct connection with a law enforcement computer. This enables real-time information gathering of the latest accident reports to states’ highway patrol divisions.
In many of the largest U.S. cities, states’ transportation departments or divisions have installed a series of cameras along the Interstate Highway System to monitor traffic conditions. Systems of this type can been easily seen along the I-95 corridor in the eastern section of the United States. I-95 runs the north-south length of the U.S., from Maine to Florida.
Television stations in Miami, Florida have agreements with the Florida Department of Transportation to enable use of video images generated by this FDOT camera system. These images are shown during morning and afternoon traffic reports, on several local stations, and FDOT is cited by reporters as proving “these images courtesy of the Florida Department of Transportation”.
Many medium and large radio and television markets, as classified by Arbitron, utilize helicopters to overfly accident scenes and other areas of high traffic volume. This helps each radio or TV station to provide up-to-the-minute, live reports or traffic conditions. Some stations, in larger U.S. markets, at least, may have their own helicopter, or share resources with a local television station to help mitigate the costs. In many markets, a local or regional traffic reporting service may have contracts with several radio and television stations. This helps stations avoid the expense of purchasing or leasing their own helicopter, which necessitates other expenses like hiring of a pilot, and setting a maintenance schedule.
Broadcast reports on traffic conditions, usually heard on radio, became popular in large U.S. cities in the 1960's and quickly spread in use to other areas as population centers grew. As these smaller burgs and hamlets became absorbed into larger metropolitan areas, particularly in the United States, the interstate freeways became cluttered during the morning and afternoon rush.
Many stations began using reports provided only from their studios, depending on information from law enforcement and citizens. Today, most large metropolitan areas have traffic reporters in the air and also depend on advisories from listeners using cell phones and other mobile communications devices.
During the 1990’s, competition between radio and television stations led many program and news directors to add traffic reports to their schedules, though many smaller stations could not afford a full-time traffic reporter or aircraft. This led to the expansion of traffic reporting companies, including Shadow Broadcast Services, Metro Networks, and other regional traffic reporting agencies.
In 1997 and 1998 Metro Networks began buying many smaller traffic reporting agencies, as reported in their own financial statements to the United States Securities and Exchange Commission. In 1999, Metro Networks acquired a firm called Copter Acquisition Company, from Westwood One. Westwood One then purchased Metro Networks, and the two companies merged completely on September 22, 1999.
求一篇英文文献，具体关于
Literature Review of China's old-age insurance
Urgent and important as well one mission today, reforming and perfecting society pension system to become world governments of all countries in the world already being accelerated day by day in aging of population. Endowment insurance has very important position in social security system , is an important ingredient of social security. Large amount of research results has sprung up so far from our country pension system building-up. Cover face , safe inspection , insurance fee raising , payment , value-keeping added value being in motion and doing business from endowment insurance have waited for the main body of a book , have summed up our country endowment insurance research results , have aimed at being that our country endowment insurance reformation provides the basis basis. Keyword endowment insurance sums up the insurance fee covering inspection Endowment insurance is that the country and society are based on certain law and law and regulation, one kind of social insurance system build to resolve the fundamental livelihood that labourer removes from in reaching the uncaging physical labour the duty job age boundary that the country stipulates, or losing a labour capacity because aged bothering the post queen. The system studying and resolving current endowment insurance of Chinese reforms middle have problem, correct the building-up accelerating harmonious society, ensure the economy construction having important significance. The main body of a book general our country studies the personnel has carried out the induction summary on the endowment insurance research results at present , aim at being that our country endowment insurance reformation provides the basis basis. One, the endowment insurance coverage face endowment insurance coverage face is increasingly broad , population ensured by pension system feels higher , as also explaining a country's social security level muchly more. But our country endowment insurance is staff and worker who is confined to country government departments and state institutions , state-owned enterprise and part collective enterprise mainly , state-owned collective enterprise is in the majority above county level, a lot of be not state-owned unit staff and worker , enterprise in the rural area , private microbusiness, casual laborers , farmers of China side staff and worker and enterprise of all kinds with investment of enterprise by foreign merchant have not listed in endowment insurance coverage range equally , enjoy social security person taking up labourer the sum is less than 30% , most are not that the whole people staff and worker has not enjoyed social security. Development is swift and violent to come responding to with being close to 20 and staff and worker age structure is relatively younger be not that publicly owned enterprises attracts over , expand making an overall cover face. Being needing to pay attention to while expanding the face covering,can not to adopt to expand face at a low price blindly. Earning ratio attracts condition with low pay the fee rate , height as expanding a small van taxi , will be that the payment in the hereafter peak buries a time bomb down. Present and a period the days to come, be more emphasizing being not that publicly owned enterprises , city and town individual industrial and commercial businesses and nimble employment personnel ginseng guarantee a job than, expand fundamental endowment insurance coverage range. Be going to implement country in relation to social insurance allowance policy further , help the difficult personnel who obtains employment to join a guarantor paying the fee. Two, the endowment insurance inspection pension fund inspection, have administration oversees , oversees according to law with paying the fee person to oversee three aspect, administration oversees a branch having working and society ensures the headquarter , the Ministry of Finance; Oversee according to law relating to taxation affairs , industry and commerce , Securities Regulatory Commission , People's Bank etc.; Pay the fee person inspection is that possessions pays the fee the supervision that person carries out on the administrative situation, requires that person is periodical to paying the fee therefore revealing the fund business performance. Style manages the decentralization investing in a sum since adopting a diversification , surely may produce the agency by agreement- problem, for guard against moral hazard and reverse choice, must build strict regulatory system. With the propulsion that pension system reforms, effect in should know that the government ensures in providing for the aged again, the boundary fixes again to government's function go along. The employer and individual ought to become the main provider that pension invisible income stems from , the government is only an auxiliary provider but in first, ensuring system in providing for the aged,; The government is a low-income people or provides a guarantee during the period of market mechanism is difficult to produce a marked effect other. Secondly, the government decreases gradually in providing for the aged ensuring by the fact that the direct effect providing the common pension responds to , the general who carries out the indirect effect standardizing and supervising by making laws enlarges but gradually. But market mechanism is still faulty , the professional is short of , asymmetric and pertinent information laws and statutes does not improve and perfect on financial market specifically for our country, the government should carry out strict supervisory control and provide information to make up the marketplace deficiency. Three, golden raising of endowment insurance 1, the golden financing of endowment insurance pattern endowment insurance financing pattern affects whose validity and the stability, situation also affecting national economic development and finance. The field has been put into effect according to national conditions , our country creativeness "overall social planning and the personal account look at and appraise the fundamental endowment insurance being tied in wedlock " reforming a pattern, after probing and improving and perfecting for 5 years, make for is already step by step mature. In connection with the financing, the pattern has two kinds viewpoints. Still should be put into effect collecting on spot and pay system immediately first within certain time: Current endowment insurance productivity beneficial to preparing the money pattern rise, is inadvisable to change to fund style; The meeting changes the give behavior preferential treatment, but collect now most present Fu system the introduction that examination , the fund make from economic trends efficiency can not change the behavior people then , pension system revolution of track opportunity is not mature; As for the endowment insurance operating mechanism, collect on spot and pay system be sustainable to China immediately. Two is that the various pattern exists side by side: Accept Chinese economy resource and the requirement constraint, the present stage can only adopt part fund system , let an individual bear up the individual guarantee , let the government and corresponding easing off of enterprise provide for the aged bearing but; Under public welfare maximization target, that the turn up infering collects the conclusion paying system and fund the optimum commixture proportion making hybrid endowment insurance system now is within pretty long time the days to come , the system giving first place to collect on spot and pay system immediately may be endowment insurance system choice; Because of history cause and real limitation,our country present stage providing for the aged it is impossible that pattern unites , can not achieve a goal in one leap more , builds the unified society of city and countryside endowment insurance pattern; John & # 8226; B & # 8226; Wilhelm Msen thinks, according to the present stage national conditions , China should build three arrangement of ideas endowment insurance financings patterns: The first arrangement of ideas is mandatory , minimum invisible income DB plans, second arrangement of ideas ought to replace at present build-up grave insufficient FDC with mandatory NDC plan third arrangement of ideas is the FDC arrangement of ideas volunteering tier. The enterprise annuity financing way enterprise annuity is that the employer and labourer share responsibility 2, mainly pay the fee , is geared to the needs of all standard employment labourer mainly , not discriminating against employment labourer only standard but, taking as an example compel a symbol according to certain salary proportion capture, embody employer responsibility and labourer the personal liability union. The difference the enterprise annuity being planned according to the financing and operating a pattern's may be two big types mark: Contribute type plan (Defined-Contribution Plan for sure, DC plans) and is paid for sure the type plan (Defined-Benefit Plan , DB plan). From looking at DB short-term and long-term, the pattern all has bigger negative effect to our country. Pay the fee that way changes a trend from DB to DC is inevitable. That Chinese enterprise annuity system building-up composes in reply system providing for the aged being developing , being indicating our country is providing for the aged to "three pillars going through" between nations the pattern changes. But our country enterprise annuity development does not balance at present slowly, not only and enterprise composes in reply an individual, gap that existence has also known that including the government, therefore the policy effect there does not exist hidden trouble in fund obviously,; Otherwise that the very high stability enterprise annuity enters the city step being inadvisable to live with quickly, is able to arouse bigger risk; Law and regulation that the annuity plans in the law of tax specifically for enterprise belongs to so far still blank space , does not have a unified enterprise annuity preferential tax treatment policy throughout the country; That the government supplements the endowment insurance building-up and manages middle in enterprise is not to undertake direct responsibility , government's main function is to carry out strict inspection on the person. Four, golden endowment insurance payment salary replacement rate and retirement age are to discuss the most problem. 1, salary replacement rate pension of our country replacement rate is 80% at present. Judge that real replacement rate is horizontal being moderate or not , be going namely comparing with average salary, the need wanting to have the living standard maintaining a minimum with locality too contacts , builds the gear mechanism that the pension increases with prices , the salary. (1) replacement rate height discussion once grows a viewpoint thinking that replacement rate currently in effect is excessive , reduces replacement rate being able to restrain retiring ahead of time , encourages working with some kind of way go on after retiring; Too high replacement rate needs high pay the fee rate, this competition that can increase the enterprise cost , reduce enterprise, going a step further checking the enterprise annuity develops. Another one kind of viewpoint has thought that replacement rate is not high , had looked at replacement rate superficially , in fact not high, Yinkebi salary moisture content is very big , the personnel invisible income retiring is very few; Block of wood the equal of sth. height is paid the replacement rate calculating method problem , height level, be unequal to the high living standard more. (2) replacement rate adjustment (1) should adjust replacement rate. Use unified replacement rate first , descend with replacement rate being controlled by 60%; Personnel's fundamental life retiring from guarantee and the angle that the money maintaining the confession loafing about leads are looked at, 60%'s pension replacement rate is partial to height. Two is with different replacement rate, level replacement rate is taken in in diversity between ought to be different, high invisible income replacement rate is low , the low income replacement rate is high; Our country society endowment insurance pushes down a peasant , enterprise staff and worker , government departments and institutions dignity diversity adopt different method of payment and pay forehead degree, even if in same unit, pension that the personnel reality retiring gains, existence is still very big gap; Short-term and long-term go along of replacement rate part of self's job is adjusted , short-term but is consider low income crowd first, avoid losing the fundamental the guarantee living , long range adjusting the finance should surround the certain period and go along such as pension balance between income and expenditure , average life span extension amounts , salary growth rate and price index number because pension lives with low. (2) short-term no proper inner adjustment replacement rate. Supplementing endowment insurance breaking the ice juat now , reducing replacement rate is unrealistic , is going to develop complementary endowment insurance, with the quality of life of guarantee old people. Lead "decision" on having come true from mechanism , encourage people to join a guarantor paying the fee, restraint mechanism forming "many jobs , getting the pension " excitation pay the fee much , many. 2, legal retirement age of retirement age all has very big effect to endowment insurance fund disbursement or accumulation. Legal our country retirement age currently in effect is that 1950's works out , do not have basically except little crowd, alteration , 50 the whole nation average life spans many years improve more than 20-year-old , lawful age insists to hang down and average life span rise disproportional. Revise the time retiring having two kinds viewpoints: Prolong legal retirement age first, a lot of scholars think that such has acted as one side prolonging paying the fee fixed number of years, that another aspect has shortened the fixed number of years receiving a pension, is beneficial to the balance between income and expenditure resolving a pension; Such makes the short-term inner may bring certain pressure to certain pressure employment , is negative not definitely only be hit by a long range to employment pressure effect; Be used for and be raised a pension according to such to raise proportion secretly scheming against, that appropriate this way is made is that the best of our country endowment insurance policy chooses; The theory must step off low age young person beneficial to retiring employment misses area. Two is no proper change legal retirement age , the staff and worker reemployment is difficult to be laid-off , be unemployed owing to our country city and town , surplus rural labour labourers goes into town on a large scale , is inadvisable to improve retirement age all round, choice few do not endanger young person job openings post , put elasticity retirement system into practice; Improve retirement age not affecting our country young people employment, but reduce retirement age payment that can increase a retirement pension pressure, drive labour force cost go up , the ponderance aggravating to be unemployed and therefore , may adopt minimum job fixed number of years policy. Golden keeping value of golden value-keeping endowment insurance added value endowment insurance increases the value by five, is that endowment insurance invests in important content in being in motion and doing business. Peculiar character evading a type because of pension fund altitude risk, the country allows at present only place on deposit in bank or bond buying the country. Valuable bond risk is low , return on investment is high, be that pension fund invests in approach at present most mainly. 1, invests manage organization's set up endowment insurance Jin Ying giving the administration managing a company to an independent old people nutrition fund, and put become market-oriented operation into practice, the government does not assume have direct responsibility to whose fund operation , shoulder duty of having inspection only. Great majority scholars think , our country endowment insurance fund ought to choose the fund company as investment organization, have the fund competing to manage a company between forming special mutuality , manage a company to the fund responding to the return of investment regulation minimum standard reaching, to ensure that policy designs the replacement rate realization; Pension fund carries out the operation becoming market-oriented , safety and added value being able to use pension fund get guarantee. Still have a scholar bringing forward the organization entrusting the special field investment , being guaranteed the fund council working out the corresponding standard as long as the organization choosing investment, meeting requirements by agency , been still investment of people camp organization disregarding being that the insurance company still is that the bond fund manages a company, disregarding being state-owned , being able to participate in the pension fund managing, to be beneficial to develop the efficiency competing , improving. 2, invests in the implement and the channel choosing to investment with investment of proportion , a lot of scholar all advocates the investment range lifting the control over the endowment insurance fund step by step , allow the person to invest in financial market, investment carrying out the combination diversifying, two aspect combines each other with investment risk and avails, think that structuring comparatively perfect capital market as soon as possible is that the endowment insurance fund enters capital market premise and guarantee. A lot of scholar advocates , responds to in government's in relation to law and regulation the implement stipulating the finance that the pension fund invests in not to, invest in the maximal or lowest proportion being unlike the finance implement, investment restricting an inner in this proportion must be ascertained that by the council who manages a company. Be to ensure that endowment insurance fund investment gets appropriate avails, one kind method is the line stipulating a minimum with investment of avails in advance, once the income from investment is lower than that gleam , ought to demand to invest in the trusteeship people try complementary or remove from the trusteeship person marketplace; Another kind of method is to build reserve system , may move while the fund had invested in bring back a report rate low,Makes up the pension disbursement with the reserve fund the gap. Many scholars proposed that should permit a part of superannuation fund makes the experiment site in the securities investment fund and the overseas capital market. Financial products and so on enterprise bond, stock, may also along with the capital market development, open gradually the proportion rank. Also has a scholar to propose that carries on the entity investment, like constructs the road, the bridge tunnel, the highway and so on. Sixth, conclusion at present, our country old-age insurance also only limits to the city old-age insurance reform research, the rural community safeguards the system system construction also to need to further study, moreover, how to determine that the reasonable wages substitution rate, how does measure fair and questions and so on efficiency needs the quantitative investigation, provides the reasonable basis for the concrete policy making.
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